33
Слова outgoing и going out связаны. В Cambridge Dictionary
определение прилагательного «outgoing» звучит так: «friendly and energetic
and finding it easy and enjoyable to be with others» [4, Интернет-ресурсы], что в
переводе означает «общительный» . Определение фразового глагола «go out»
звучит следующим образом: «to leave a room or building especially in order to
do something for entertainment» [5,Интернет-ресурсы], что позволяет
перевести его как «выходить, бывать в обществе». Грамматическая форма
«may have had» относится к выражению возможности. Подобные
конструкции в русском языке заменяются на слова «возможно», «может
быть». Слово «struggle» обозначает «борьба» - как внутренняя, так и
физическая, но также интерпретируется как «усилие» (в данном контексте –
над собой).
К) Сложные предложения
Таблица 1.22 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
On ground level he walks with a kind of
bounce that adds to his cheerfulness.
По ровной дороге он идет
вприпрыжку и из-за этого кажется
более веселым.
Сложность обстоит в словосочетании «adds to his cheerfulness».
Дословный перевод невозможен, потому пришлось прибегнуть к лексической
трансформации. Глагол «add» уже содержит в себе смысл того, что он
выглядит еще веселее, но в языке перевода для передачи того же смысла
требуется больше слов, потому предложение расширилось.
Л) Сложные предложения
34
Таблица 1.23 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
I was free to any caring owner, whose
good credentials would be carefully
vetted by the Parish Council.
Я могла достаться любому
заботливому владельцу, чья хорошая
репутация была бы тщательно
проверена приходским советом.
Девочка Сильвер представляется как предмет, который можно
передать в руки владельцу. «Credentials» – это сертификаты, которые
работник показывает работодателю на собеседовании, послужной список или
качества, необходимые для определенной должности. В данном случае мы
посчитали эквивалентным слово «репутация». Оно включает в себя все
необходимые понятия: это и качество, необходимое для хорошей должности
на работе, и личное качество, позволяющее ему воспитывать ребенка.
М) Сложные предложения
Таблица 1.24 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
England was a maritime nation, and
powerful business interests in London,
Liverpool and Bristol demanded that a
lighthouse be built here.
Тот факт, что в Англии живет
морская нация и что Лондон,
Ливерпуль и Бристоль связывают
сильные деловые интересы, требовал
построить маяк здесь.
Предложение не соответствует структуре нашего языка, потому были
выполнены две синтаксические трансформации.
1. В роли подлежащего выступает неодушевленное существительное:
страна представляет нацию. В русском языке нацией может быть только сама
35
нация, но не страна, потому следует добавить нечто связующее страну и
нацию, чтобы как можно меньше отступать от языка оригинала. Для связи
решено использовать глагол «живет» - таким образом, структура оригинала
максимально сохранится.
2. Англичане довольно часто используют союз and, но не во всех
случаях его можно заменить на союз «и» в переводе. В данном случае союз
«и» не является связкой для двух частей предложения, потому он опущен и
заменен на словосочетание «тот факт», стоящее в начале предложения.
Н) Cложные предложения
Таблица 1.25 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
Like and like go together. Likeness is
liking, whatever they say about
opposites.
Сходство людей друг с другом и их
хорошее отношение неразрывны.
Людям нравятся те, кто на них
похож, как бы они этого ни отрицали.
Автором используется необычный прием – несколько однокоренных
слов и паронимов в одном абзаце. Это можно считать игрой слов. Чтобы
разобраться в каждом слове мы обратимся к англо-русскому словарю Ю.Д.
Апресяна [Интернет-ресурсы, 1] и к Cambridge dictionary [Интернет-ресурсы,
2]. Первый like – существительное, означающее что-либо подобное или
похожее. Второй – глагол «нравиться, любить». Likeness – существительное,
переводящееся как «сходство», liking – форма герундия от глагола like.
Передать это дословно невозможно, так как русский язык не настолько
вариативен в формах слов и некоторые из этих слов имеют похожий смысл.
Ищем в языке перевода слова, максимально передающие смысл написанного,
опуская структуру. Нам нужно обратить внимание читателя на то, что людям
нравятся те, кто на них похож. В обоих предложениях это делается с
36
помощью подбора нужных слов и синтаксических трансформаций
(добавлено несколько слов, отсутствующих в оригинале).
О) Сложные предложения
Таблица 1.26 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
…waiting for Pew to collect me in his
patched and tarred mackerel boat.
…ожидая когда Пью посадит меня в
свою заклеенную и просмолённую
лодку для ловли скумбрии.
Здесь нужно было перевести словосочетание «mackerel boat».
Mackerel – это скумбрия, следовательно это лодка для ловли скумбрии. Мы
попытались выяснить, есть ли у таких лодок специальное название, но
ничего не нашли и приняли решение перевести это словосочетание по
смыслу: лодка для ловли скумбрии.
П) Сложные предложения
Таблица 1.27 - Перевод с английского языка на русский трудных
фраз и предложений из книги Дженет Уинтерсон
«Lighthousekeeping» [23]
Stevenson was still an apprentice -
lobbying, passionate, but without any
power and with no record of success.
Стивенсон тогда был еще учеником,
любящим оказывать давление,
пылким, но без нужных связей и
успешного опыта.
Синтаксические трансформации в этом предложении заключались в переводе
слов «lobbying», «without any power and with no record of success».
lobbying – оказывать давление (на должностное лицо)
power – сила, влияние
37
no record of success – отсутствие успеха, который кем-то отмечен, успеха, о
котором нет свидетельств.
В выражении «никаких связей» вложен смысл отсутствия влияния, так как
они взаимосвязаны.
Дословный перевод no record of success не свойственен языку перевода, но в
высказывании заложен смысл, что успеха у Стивенсона еще не было, что и
передается при переводе.
38
Глава 2. Перевод отрывка из книги
2.1 Оригинал отрывка из книги Дженет Уинтерсон «Жизнь на маяке»
(стр.1-14)
LIGHTHOUSEKEEPING
by JEANETTE WINTERSON
FOR DEBORAH WARNER
'REMEMBER YOU MUST DIE'
MURIEL SPARK
'REMEMBER YOU MUST LIVE'
ALI SMITH
TWO ATLANTICS
My mother called me Silver. I was born part precious metal part pirate. I
have no father. There's nothing unusual about that, even children who do have
fathers are often surprised to see them. My own father came out of the sea and
went back that way. He was crew on a fishing boat that harboured with us one
night when the waves were crashing like dark glass. His splintered hull shored him
for long enough to drop anchor inside my mother. Shoals of babies vied for life. I
won.
I lived in a house cut steep into the bank. The chairs had to be nailed to the
floor, and we were never allowed to eat spaghetti. We ate food that stuck to the
plate -shepherd's pie, goulash, risotto, scrambled egg. We tried peas once - what a
disaster - and sometimes we still find them, dusty and green in the corners of the
room.
Some people are raised on a hill, others in the valley. Most of us are brought up on
the flat. I came at life at an angle, and that's how I've lived ever since.
At night my mother tucked me into a hammock slung cross-wise against the slope.
In the gentle sway of the night, I dreamed of a place where I wouldn't be fighting
gravity with my own body weight. My mother and I had to rope us together like a
pair of climbers, just to achieve our own front door. One slip, and we'd be on the
railway line with the rabbits.
39
'You're not an outgoing type,' she said to me, though this may have had
much to do with the fact that going out was such a struggle. While other children
were bid farewell with a casual, 'Have you remembered your gloves?' I got, 'Did
you do up all the buckles on your safety harness?'
Why didn't we move house? My mother was a single parent and she had
conceived out of wedlock. There had been no lock on her door that night when my
father came to call. So she was sent up the hill, away from the town, with the
curious result that she looked down on it.
Salts. My home town. A sea-flung, rock-bitten, sand-edged shell of a town.
Oh, and a lighthouse.
They say you can tell something of a person's life by observing their body.
This is certainly true of my dog. My dog has back legs shorter than his front legs,
on account of always digging in at one end, and always scrambling up at the other.
On ground level he walks with a kind of bounce that adds to his cheerfulness. He
doesn't know that other dogs' legs are the same length all the way round. If he
thinks at all, he thinks that every dog is like him, and so he suffers none of the
morbid introspection of the human race, which notes every curve from the norm
with fear or punishment.
'You're not like other children,' said my mother. 'And if you can't survive in this
world, you had better make a world of your own.'
The eccentricities she described as mine were really her own. She was the
one who hated going out. She was the one who couldn't live in the world she had
been given. She longed for me to be free, and did everything she could to make
sure it never happened. We were strapped together like it or not. We were climbing
partners. And then she fell. This is what happened.
The wind was strong enough to blow the fins off a fish. It was Shrove
Tuesday, and we had been out to buy flour and eggs to make pancakes. At one
time we kept our own hens, but the eggs rolled away, and we had the only hens in
the world who had to hang on by their beaks while they tried to lay.
40
I was excited that day, because tossing pancakes was something you could do
really well in our house - the steep slope under the oven turned the ritual of
loosening and tossing into a kind of jazz. My mother danced while she cooked
because she said it helped her to keep her balance.
Up she went, carrying the shopping, and pulling me behind her like an
after-thought. Then some new thought must have clouded her mind, because she
suddenly stopped and half-turned, and in that moment the wind blew like a shriek,
and her own shriek was lost as she slipped. In a minute she had dropped past me,
and I was hanging on to one of our spiny shrubs - escallonia, I think it was, a salty
shrub that could withstand the sea and the blast. I could feel its roots slowly lifting
like a grave opening. I kicked the toes of my shoes into the sandy bank, but the
ground wouldn't give. We were both going to fall, falling away from the cliff face
to a blacked-out world.
I couldn't hang on any longer. My fingers were bleeding. Then, as I closed
my eyes, ready to drop and drop, all the weight behind me seemed to lift. The bush
stopped moving. I pulled myself up on it and scrambled behind it. I looked down.
My mother had gone. The rope was idling against the rock. I pulled it towards me
over my arm, shouting, 'Mummy! Mummy!' The rope came faster and faster,
burning the top of my wrist as I coiled it next to me. Then the double buckle came.
Then the harness. She had undone the harness to save me. Ten years before I had
pitched through space to find the channel of her body and come to earth. Now she
had pitched through her own space, and I couldn't follow her. She was gone.
Salts has its own customs. When it was discovered that my mother was
dead and I was alone, there was talk of what to do with me. I had no relatives and
no father. I had no money left to me, and nothing to call my own but a sideways
house and a skew-legged dog.
It was agreed by vote that the schoolteacher, Miss Pinch, would take charge
of matters. She was used to dealing with children. On my first dismal day by
myself, Miss Pinch went with me to collect my things from the house. There wasn't
much - mainly dog bowls and dog biscuits and a Collins World Atlas. I wanted to
41
take some of my mother's things too, but Miss Pinch thought it unwise, though she
did not say why it was unwise, or why being wise would make anything better.
Then she locked the door behind us, and dropped the key into her
coffinshaped handbag. 'It will be returned to you when you are twenty one,' she
said. She always spoke like an Insurance Policy.
'Where am I going to live until then?' ʻI shall make enquiries,' said Miss
Pinch. 'You may spend tonight with me at Railings Row.'
Railings Row was a terrace of houses set back from the road. They reared up,
black-bricked and salt-stained, their paint peeling, their brass green. They had once
been the houses of prosperous tradesmen, but it was a long time since anybody had
prospered in Salts, and now all the houses were boarded up. Miss Pinch's house
was boarded up too, because she said she didn't want to attract burglars.
She dragged open the rain-soaked marine-ply that was hinged over the
front door, and undid the triple locks that secured the main door. Then she let us in
to a gloomy hallway, and bolted and barred the door behind her. We went into her
kitchen, and without asking me if I wanted to eat, she put a plate of pickled
herrings in front of me, while she fried herself an egg. We ate in complete silence.
'Sleep here,' she said, when the meal was done. She placed two kitchen
chairs end to end, with a cushion on one of them. Then she got an eiderdown out of
the cupboard - one of those eiderdowns that have more feathers on the outside than
on the inside, and one of those eiderdowns that were only stuffed with one duck.
This one had the whole duck in there I think, judging from the lumps.
So I lay down under the duck feathers and duck feet and duck bill and
glassy duck eyes and snooked duck tail, and waited for daylight. We are lucky,
even the worst of us, because daylight comes. The only thing for it was to
advertise.
Miss Pinch wrote out all my details on a big piece of paper, and put it up on
the Parish notice board. I was free to any caring owner, whose good credentials
would be carefully vetted by the Parish Council. I went to read the notice. It was
raining, and there was nobody about. There was nothing on the notice about my
42
dog, so I wrote a description of my own, and pinned it underneath: ONE DOG.
BROWN AND WHITE ROUGH COATED TERRIER. FRONT LEGS 8 INCHES
LONG. BACK LEGS 6 INCHES LONG. CANNOT BE SEPARATED.
Then I worried in case a person might mistake it was the dog's legs that could not
be separated, instead of him and me.
'You can't force that dog on anybody,' said Miss Pinch, standing behind me,
her long body folded like an umbrella. 'He's my dog,' 'Yes, but whose are you?
That we don't know, and not everybody likes dogs.'
Miss Pinch was a direct descendent of the Reverend Dark. There were two
Darks - the one who lived here, that was the Reverend, and the one who would
rather be dead than live here, that was his father. Here you meet the first one, and
the second one will come along in a minute.
Reverend Dark was the most famous person ever to come out of Salts. In
1859, a hundred years before I was born, Charles Darwin published his Origin of
Species, and came to Salts to visit Dark. It was a long story, and like most of the
stories in the world, never finished. There was an ending - there always is - but the
story went on past the ending - it always does.
I suppose the story starts in 1814, when the Northern Lighthouse Board
was given authority by an Act of Parliament to 'erect and maintain such additional
lighthouses upon such parts of the coast and islands of Scotland as they shall deem
necessary'.
At the north-western tip of the Scottish mainland is a wild, empty place,
called in Gaelic Am Parbh - the Turning Point. What it turns towards, or away
from, is unclear, or perhaps it is many things, including a man's destiny. The
Pentland Firth meets the Minch, and the Isle of Lewis can be seen to the west, the
Orkneys to the east, but northwards there is only the Atlantic Ocean. I say only, but
what does that mean? Many things, including a man's destiny.
The story begins now - or perhaps it begins in 1802 when a terrible
shipwreck lobbed men like shuttlecocks into the sea. For a while, they floated cork
up, their heads just visible above the water line, but soon they sank bloated like