51
the preference vote for president has no bearing on the delegate selection (Herald &
Review, 15.09.2019).
If there’s an exception to precedent, it isn’t 2020 but 1992, when the Kansas
Legislature held a beauty-pageant “presidential preference” primary (Kansas City Star,
10.09.2019)
Нередко агитационные поездки кандидатов в президенты рассматриваются
как гастроли:
Trump and Modi combine road shows for a raucous rally in Houston (WSJ,
22.09.2019).
Сами популярные политики часто сравниваются со звездами:
The frontrunner meets the rising star: Biden and Warren take center stage at third
debate (CBS News, 11.09.2019).
Jon Ossoff became an unlikely Democratic star in Georgia. Now, he’s running for
Senate (Washington Post, 10.09.2019).
It was on this world stage, after Trump’s meeting with President Volodymyr
Zelensky of Ukraine and the impeachment linked to Kiev, that Trump mourned the loss of
his stardom (Voice of America, 02.09.2019).
6. Тематическая сфера «спорт»
Как в Великобритании, так и в США, спорт пользуется широкой
популярностью у населения, поэтому неудивительно, что в английском языке есть
большое количество идиом, связанных с различными видами спорта, которые
нередко фигурируют и в газетных статьях. Самыми распространенными являются
идиомы, связанные с футболом (в Британии), бейсболом (в США) и боксом.
Аналогии с боксом понятны читателям во всем мире. Выражение on the ropes
(‘на канатах’, ‘на грани провала’) означает поражение, throw in the towel
(‘выбросить полотенце’, ‘признать себя побежденным’) – капитуляцию, below the
belt (‘ниже пояса’) – нарушение правил, нечестную борьбу.
Theresa May is truly on the ropes. But there may yet be life in her deal (Guardian,
52
13.03.2019).
Or it might be that it is simply too early to throw in the towel on the current round
of talks. EU sources pointed out on Tuesday that Merkel’s reported statement that
Northern Ireland must remain in the customs union is not the EU’s agreed position (Irish
Times, 08.10.2019).
With Democrats seemingly recoiling at any attempt by primary candidates to hit
below the belt, Biden may not have to worry about the Ukraine narrative unless he makes
it to the general (Vanity Fair, 24.09.2019).
Выражения, происходящие из футбола, американского футбола и бейсбола,
существуют в большом количестве. Значение некоторых из них трудно понять, не
будучи знакомым с правилами игры. К таким относятся, например, бейсбольные
идиомы three strikes или strike-out (ситуация, когда игрок выбывает из игры,
совершив три промаха подряд) и off-base (‘ошибочный, неуместный’) – отсылка к
правилу, согласно которому игрок должен касаться ногой базы. Другие же
выражения будут понятны поклонникам многих видов спорта – например,
сравнение бездеятельных политиков с игроками запаса, которые «греют» скамью
запасных и ничего не решают в политической «игре».
Australia’s leaders are sitting on the sidelines. It’s up to the people to take a stand
(Guardian, 30.09.2019).
The Trump administration is sidelining science - and it puts us in danger (Guardian,
01.10.2019).
Elect a Liberal or Conservative and what you get is a bench-warmer, neutered by
their party’s whip, caucus chair and leader (North Shore News, 14.10.2019).
The Manhattan District Attorney’s Office dropped the ball and let two cases against
suspected Chinatown killer Randy Santos languish until a judge was forced to dismiss
them (NYT, 09.10.2019).
But he said the EU could refuse to play ball, thereby "effectively choosing no deal
on our behalf" (BBC News, 28.05.2019).
53
Average shopper gives a company three strikes before taking their business
elsewhere (New York Post, 11.10.2019).
When Jan Szyszko, a former minister for the environment and a leading Law and
Justice candidate in the coming elections, died last week, Mr. Kaczynski raised the specter
of foul play without any evidence and despite news reports that Mr. Szyszko had died of
a pulmonary embolism (NY Times, 13.10.2019).
But to those who know Marie Yovanovitch — the former envoy to Kyiv who testified
before the House Friday as Democrats intensify their impeachment inquiry — that
characterization could not be more off-base (TIME, 11.10.2019).
Встречаются также идиомы, связанные с такими соревновательными видами
спорта, как бег, прыжки, плавание, стрельба:
Brexit is heading towards extra time. The question then is: to what purpose?
(Guardian, 10.03.2019).
Did Nancy Pelosi jump the gun by launching impeachment inquiry before release
of Ukraine call transcript? (Fox News, 25.09.2019)
If you have set the bar too high—on your timing for the next raise or the juicy
project you’re sure will come your way—you may be disappointed (Forbes, 15.09.2019).
These are deep waters and Ms Bradley was plainly out of her depth (Guardian,
07.03.2019).
On the Labour side, rumours that Starmer might resign over Corbyn’s constant
Brexit backsliding and prevaricating seem wide of the mark, but someone was sending
shots across the bows of the Corbynite pro-Brexit cabal (Guardian, 07.05.2019).
7. Тематическая сфера «цвет»
В английском политическом языке существует большое количество
цветообозначений. Неудивительно, что негативная оценка, как правило, передается
такими цветами, как черный или серый:
US blacklists Iranian tanker Mike Pompeo says is heading to Syria (Guardian,
31.08.2019).
54
State of the Black Belt Summit held at higher education center (Demopolis Times,
26.09.2019).
Samsung’s supposedly fixed version of the Galaxy Fold has officially gone on sale
in South Korea, and the first batch of gray market imports have reached Hong Kong
(Forbes, 13,09.2019).
Однако в определенных ситуациях красный тоже имеет негативные
коннотации:
Chairman of the BBC warns that it is 'too tied up in red tape to compete with Netflix'
and other online rivals (Daily Mail, 17.03.2019).
The Incredible Sulk came out angry. Sulk shouty. Sulk guilty. There was no
contrition. No humility. A normal person would have ’fessed up and resigned. But this
was the speech of a serial offender – the narcissistic sociopath – who couldn’t believe
he’d been caught red-handed yet again (Guardian, 25.09.2019).
Prince Harry’s letter resonates because it's not just the royals bullied by the red-
tops (Guardian, 02.10.2019).
И даже белый цвет в глаголе whitewash (‘пытаться обелить’) может иметь
отрицательное значение:
Forget the ‘Badasses’ – let’s not whitewash the impeachment push (Guardian,
01.10.2019).
Then there was the ex-footballer Newman, who showed his true colours by tagging
his post #ClimateChangeHoax (Guardian, 26.09.2019).
Целью использования фразеологических единиц цвета в политике и в СМИ
является создание экспрессии, эмоциональности в изложении материала,
привлечение внимания читателя к конкретному сообщению.
8. Тематическая сфера «математические термины и цифры»
Время от времени в политическом дискурсе встречаются и цифры:
His campaign also demonised Israel’s large Arab minority as a fifth column that
endangers the country (Guardian, 17.09.2019).
55
Homeless people were at risk of being caught in a “catch-22 scenario … with some
landlords’ letting practices creating a “perverse situation where the reasons why people
may need access to social homes the most can often become barriers to accessing them”
(Guardian, 17.09.2019).
Biden campaign’s Ukraine strategy: Don’t become Hillary 2.0 (Vanity Fair,
24.09.2019).
Boris Johnson’s Brexit gamble might take the U.K. back to square one (TIME,
19.09.2019).
I wouldn’t have touched that one with a ten-foot pole. Not at that point, anyway
(Guardian, 22.09.2019).
While this debate may seem like a dime a dozen, given that it's number four out of
12, it's significant because it's the first presidential debate since Speaker Nancy Pelosi
formally called for an impeachment inquiry into President Trump (The Hill, 11.10.2019).
Слово «спираль» особенно часто употребляется для обозначения ситуации,
которая вышла из-под контроля:
After a downward spiral from a much ballyhooed initial public offering in June, the
CEO of the meal-kit company Blue Apron has stepped down (USA Today, 01.12.2017).
The Earth is in a death spiral. It will take radical action to save us (Guardian,
14.11.2018).
Afghan election risks spiraling out of control, warns Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
(Telegraph, 25.09.2019).
Having said that, I do draw the line when it comes to the dangerous and thoroughly
annoying Extinction Rebellion stunts we have witnessed this week, but then again maybe
they actually did us a favour (Sun, 11.10.2019).
Johnson frames this as the Brexit showdown election, yet he has just boxed himself
into a corner where his own policy is confusing, duplicitous and rightly untrusted by both
sides of his Brexit-split party (Guardian, 10.10.2019).
9. Тематическая сфера «части тела»
56
Примеров употребления частей тела в политическом дискурсе английского
языка довольно много, причем особой популярностью пользуются руки и ноги.
Вполне логично, что в политической речи «руки» часто ассоциируются с
контролем, «ноги» – с промедлением, а «колени» – с поражением или унижением:
Trump has been trying to strong-arm a Ukrainian leader who has vowed to root
out the endemic corruption that plagues his country (Atlantic, 25.09.2019).
Canada’s independent ethics commissioner last month found Trudeau broke
conflict-of-ethics rules by arm-twisting his attorney general to settle a criminal case
against engineering firm SNC-Lavalin (Sun Daily, 27.09.2019).
Wrist-slapping sanctions would do little to change the actions of desperate rulers
(Economist, 24.02.2011).
Macron’s national debate on immigration plays into the hands of the French far
right (28.09.2019).
His greatest fall in popularity has been due to his Brexit foot-dragging (Guardian,
19.08.2019).
Tory MPs should vote with their feet when parliament returns (National,
30.08.2019).
The BBC had managed to shoot itself in the foot, not once but twice (Daily Mail,
20.09.2019).
Theresa May risks leading Britain to ‘national humiliation’ by going on ‘bended
knee’ to the EU and asking for a Brexit delay (Telegraph, 20.03.2019).
Little surprise that there is no plan for social care – now “on its knees”, warns the
Nuffield Trust (Guardian, 14.10.2019).
«Рот», «язык» и «губы» также закономерно связаны с неискренностью, а
«глаза» и даже «голова» – с игнорированием проблем
In Washington, US district judge Amy Berman Jackson gave Manafort a tongue-
lashing over the web of deceit he spun to earn millions of dollars lobbying for pro-Russia
politicians in Ukraine (Guardian, 13.03.2019).
57
Fossil fuel companies saw adaptation, along with the idea that we could geo-
engineer our way out of trouble, as a way to keep selling oil while paying lip service to
the climate science (Guardian, 11.09.2019).
Administration’s move is a ‘head in the sand approach’ that will further imperil
creatures threatened by the climate crisis (Guardian, 23.08.2019).
Are tech giants turning a blind eye to child sexual abuse images? (Guardian,
05.10.2019).
Europe can’t keep shutting its eyes to the disaster in Syria (Guardian, 16.10.2019).
Cook's arrival was a disaster for Māori. Britain's half-hearted apology isn't good
enough (Guardian, 04.10.2019).
There is indeed to be spending, enough to set both the last Tory chancellors
gnashing their teeth at the loss of their ill-gotten austerity savings (Guardian,
14.10.2019).
This campaign has been a blind pimple on democracy (Guardian, 15.05.2019).
10. Тематическая сфера «предметы быта и одежды»
В английском языке из одежды наиболее употребительными являются
слова glove, sleeve, pocket; из предметов быта: table, desk, armchair, nail.
Nigerian government has tolerated the excesses of South Africa for too long. Kid’s
glove diplomacy will not work in this situation (Nation, 07.09.2019).
Unfortunately, this goes against American history, which shows a strong “coattail
effect” in presidential elections. Please America, wake up and say an overwhelming no
to Trump, and an overwhelming no to the left (Buffalo News, 28.09.2019).
Why China thinks it's got a future President Biden in its pocket (New York Post,
28.09.2019).
It was a breach of trust because Americans trust their president not to engage in
self-dealing, either through steering businesses to line their own pockets or through
conspiring with or coordinating with foreign powers to intervene in American elections
(LA Times, 25.09.2019).
58
Strip away his florid bluster on the NHS and schools, and the reality for public
services will be continued belt-tightening (Guardian, 14.10.2019).
Nor will voters trust his airy promises of more money when all around everything
appears to be getting worse – NHS waiting times lengthening as local authorities set their
threadbare budgets for even deeper cuts (Guardian, 10.10.2019).
Comptroller says Wrightstown mayor okay’d under-the-table dumping deal (New
Jersey Globe, 19.09.2019).
A BBC boss has hit out at criticism of the corporation’s news output by former
executives, branding them “armchair generals” who allowed BBC News to be dominated
by boring white men (Guardian, 31.05.2019).
By ending the free TV licence, the Tories are closing a vital window on to the world
(Guardian, 17.10.2019).
Leave aside Brexit devilment that hangs by a thread, look at the rest of his empty
prospectus (Guardian, 14.10.2019).
If Blunt is happy to play politics with Farage, the Tory modernisation project really
is dead as a doornail (Guardian, 14.05.2019).
Cox’s verdict on the backstop is the final nail in the coffin for May’s deal
(Guardian, 12.03.2019).
11. Тематическая сфера «стихийные бедствия»
В политическом языке довольно часто встречаются существительные и
глаголы, сравнивающие сильные действия явлений природы и события в политике.
Метафоры рельефа в газетных публикациях США являются достаточно
частотными. Источниками метафоризации являются такие концепты, как cliff (утес,
отвесная скала, обрыв), abyss (бездна, пропасть), heights (высоты), ditch (ров,
канава, кювет), hole (яма), mud hole (яма, наполненная грязью), rock (скала), rocky
(скалистый, каменистый), peak, summit, pinnacle (вершина), precipice (пропасть),
plateau (плато, плоскогорье), slope (steep, slippery) (склон) (крутой, скользкий).
Самыми многочисленными по количеству метафорических
59
словоупотреблений стали метафоры пропасти (precipice) и обрыва (cliff), которые
передают рискованность политических действий, результат которых может иметь
негативные последствия для страны.
Britain truly is staring into the abyss. For all our sakes, MPs must stop playing
games with our future (Daily Mail, 18.06.2016).
Double standards of West push Iraq to abyss of violence (Global Times,
07.10.2019).
Get a grip, Mrs May - or we'll go over a cliff (Daily Mail, 16.09.2017).
The Midlands is facing into ‘a cliff edge situation’ due to Ireland getting out of peat
production and the use of the fuel in power generation (Irish Times, 08.10.2019).
This unholy mixture of political opportunism and misguided ideology has been
driving Britain towards a geopolitical precipice (Guardian, 03.09.2019).
With the court on the precipice of a dangerous lurch rightward, polling data
indicate that Democrats have a positive view of Chief Justice John Roberts (NYT,
07.10.2019).
EasyJet was on a slippery slope when it charged for skis (Guardian, 22.05.2019).
Опасная ситуация, как правило, представляет собой движение по
направлению к обрыву, куда политические деятели ведут за собой граждан страны,
невольно ставших жертвами опрометчивых действий политической элиты.
Common sense alone says delegates should not be forced to march, in rigid
lockstep, off the political cliff. The emerging system is unfinished (NYT, 07.11.2016).
The men who want to push Britain off a cliff. Theresa May has a Brexit deal. Now
a group of feckless Conservatives wants to torpedo everything (NYT, 26.02.2019).
Характер движения по направлению к обрыву передается с помощью
многочисленных глаголов: rush (мчаться), run (бежать), lead (вести), send
(отправлять), follow (следовать), drag (тащиться), drive (гнать).
Яма в газетном тексте – это метафора затруднительной, тупиковой ситуации.
Часто ассоциируется со словами mud (слякоть) или muddle (неразбериха), quagmire
60
(болото, трясина) и прочими обозначениями грязи.
Better to be prepared and not require it than not and then find yourself in a hole
(Daily Mail, 28.09. 2019).
Britain is in a hole – Europe, we need you to dig us out (Guardian, 20.03.2019).
This murky defence of diesel does little to boost trust in our troubled motor industry
(Guardian, 07.01.2018).
The entertainment industry is in a sex scandal muddle (Guardian, 25.11.2017).
A long delay is now the only way out of this Brexit quagmire (Guardian,
17.03.2019).
В данном примере автор слов указывает на неприемлемость сложившейся
ситуации и призывает к прекращению неправильных действий.
Негативную оценку могут передавать и метеорологические явления – в
следующем примере автор использует аналогию с грозовыми тучами, чтобы
показать трудное положение, в котором оказался кандидат в президенты.
Top Biden donors gather amid storm clouds over campaign (NYT, 05.10.2019).
Стоит упомянуть также и стихийные бедствия, такие как «лавина» и
«цунами», которые хоть и не обязательно передают негативную оценку
непосредственно, все же используются, чтобы продемонстрировать обильный
характер какого-либо негативного явления:
The vote makes Austria’s youthful chancellor the final figure to be swept away by
a political avalanche unleashed by the Ibiza scandal (Guardian, 27.05.2019).
In that instance, Kavanagh-Dowsett said, the chocolate maker backed down after
receiving an avalanche of bad publicity (Guardian, 11.10.2019).
Brexit has unleashed a tsunami of frustration and fear and, as you point out, the
generational divide is part of the fracture (Guardian, 13.10.2019).
Данные выражения схожи с русскими «лавина критики» и «волна
возмущения».